![]() After this, an animal can be reintroduced to a group as if they have never met before, but unless the habitat has changed (i.e. The Outsider relationship can be lost once an animal is removed from the habitat and time has passed allowing the relationships to decay. These leaders will be marked with a crown in the info panel (replacing the alpha symbol) so that, whatever claim they have, it is clear who they are within the group and so that players can be aware of their reproductive role. Furthermore, in some species, the alpha male or female tends to lead the group but doesn't claim exclusive mating rights. the alpha lion's brother being able to remain within the pride). It is unlikely that all animals in a large group will be bonded but, for example, it can allow for more than one male to remain in a matrilineal society (i.e. Bonded animals will never fight their Alpha or their bonded partners, and can become bonded through spending time together, or by being juveniles born from the same two parents. Sociality will show you which animals have become bonded. However, some groups where coexisting wouldn't have been possible without aggression (such as habitats with an unbalanced gender ratio) may now be able to be formed if the members have developed a bond prior to maturing. Outsiders will also be rejected and unable to partake in group dynamics such as mating, social interaction, and playing, thus creating a more realistic experience and helping stop further overpopulation issues (so if you forget to pause and go grab a snack, you won't come back to 30+ unintentional new offspring!). This will maintain a more stable existing population and reduce infighting amongst existing animals, instead having them group together to target the new outlier and continue to fight until they are removed (or the situation causing them to be deemed an Outsider is improved). a male in a matrilineal group), or if their parents are present when they are a solitary species. New animals that are introduced to a habitat (and juveniles that mature) will be marked as Outsiders if they exceed the gender or population limits of a habitat, if they are rejected due to their relationship with the group Alpha (i.e. This will let you know how they engage with their offspring. This will not change how you manage your animals but is instead an overhaul in how we communicate this to you, and how the animals engage within their group relationships.Īll animals will now have an additional definition in their Zoopedia entry solitary, matrilineal, patrilineal, or gregarious. Animal SocialityĪ new animal interaction mechanic is making its way to Planet Zoo - introducing Animal Sociality! This feature aims to bring a more life-like approach to the introduction of new animals into your existing habitats, and to provide clarity when and why overcrowding issues happen. Thats a Common practice If you got Work to do on sich a Big Site Like that, that you shut IT down to remove everything and implement a Message to all Users that tells them to Not Upload Aoz content anymore.Spring has sprung and with it comes a new Planet Zoo update! Free Update 1.13 will be making its way to you on 4 April - take a look below for more info on what you can expect to see. ![]() So the siteowners shut down the Site so they can remove the content without being Interrupted or Users uploading new Aoz content while they try to remove IT. With a nice warning If they dont do IT in a couple of days they will sue them. ![]() Third, If there were Copyright Claims by Aoz only Thing i could Imagine is, Aoz lawyers wrote the siteowners of ***************.com a Bad Mail and give them some time to remove all Aoz content. ![]() Like i Said, No one will track you down for doing Something legal. You can safely use IT without causing any Attention. So Stop spreading lies about Tor being owned by the feds. ![]() Second, Tor ist Safe, AS Long AS youre Not doing illegal shit, Like downloading Terrabytes of childporn, buying weapons or drugs or try to hire a Hitman for your annoying ex wife. Fun fact, watching IT is legal in Most countries, Just Google IT for your country. In my country watching and owning IT is absolutely legal, so why should the feds or government be after me for doing Something legal? Or you. Let me enlighten you all a Bit, shall i? First, watching, owning or sharing animalporn isnt illegal in every country. ![]()
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![]() ![]() This is of course not a general good solution to the problem of symbolic complex square roots, but it is useful if you know beforehand that the solution is integer. If the solution is non-integer, the result is expressed as floats. Secondly, since result is given in terms of integers, we are guaranteed that result is actually the exact symbolic value (and it can easily be converted to a sympy object). Or we can say a radical symbol ( ) is used to represent the square root of any natural number. First, the cmath module is part of the standard library. The square root symbol in words is said to be a radical. Insert the square root symbol using an Alt code keyboard shortcut. The Insert Symbol dialog box appears as follows (with selected): 2. That is, the above is not really superior to this: import cmath Scroll through the list of symbols until you find the square root symbol () and then click it. ![]() 1 For example, 4 and 4 are square roots of 16, because 42 (4)2 16. UpdateĪs pointed out in the comments, this performs numeric evaluation, not symbolic. In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y2 x in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y y) is x. Note that there may be a cheaper way (than simplify) to do the conversion back to a sympy object. For example, 4 and 4 are square roots of 16, because 4 (4) 16. (Method 8) Use an Image (for various).If you have the mpmath package, you can do something like from sympy import *ī = mpmath.mpc(re(a), im(a)) # a as mpmath.mpc objectĭ = simplify(c) # Convert back to sympy object In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y x in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y y) is x. The carat () character serves as the symbol to calculate the squared value of a number or the square root of a number when using the FormConnect Pro app. (Note that the format is 4 hexadecimal characters.) (Note that you can omit any leading zeros.) If a factor doesnt have a pair, retain them under the square root symbol, otherwise, take one number out of the square root from each pair. For example, in Microsoft Office applications (e.g. For example, 12 divided by 5 would be entered as '12/ (5),' and the quantity of plus 3, all divided by 6, would be entered as ' (. For example, three-fourths are entered as '3/4.' If you have any operations in the numerator or denominator, surround this with parentheses. The important part is the hexadecimal number after the U , which is used in various formats. For example, 3 times 4 is '34.' Use a slash () for division. (Method 7) Use the Unicode (for various, e.g. For word processors, you can: Copy and paste the following square root symbol into your document: if your keyboard has a number pad, hold down the Alt. (Method 6) Use the HTML Hex Code (for webpages). ![]() (Method 5) Use the CSS Code (for webpages). (Method 4) Use the HTML Entity Code (for webpages). Find square roots of any number step-by-step square-roots-calculator. When Karl Pearson introduced the standard deviation he used the symbol \sigma and then when Fisher wanted a symbol for its square he used \sigma2 but introduced a new name: variance. (Method 3) Use the HTML Decimal Code (for webpages). () is the symbol for Square Root also called. Simply hold down the Alt Key and type 8730. Square Root of a number is also defined as a value that can be multiplied by itself to give the original number. If you have a keyboard with a numeric pad, you can use this method. ![]() Press the "Copy" button, and then paste the symbol into your document. How To Insert the √ Symbol (Method 1) Copy and paste the symbol.Ĭlick on the √ symbol from the table above. On the other hand, if you convert 2 to a symbolic object using the sym command, and then take its square root by entering a sqrt(sym(2)) the result is a 2(1/2) MATLAB gives the result 2(1/2), which means 2 1/2, using symbolic notation for the square root operation, without actually calculating a numerical value. ![]() ![]() Todd White pastor previously also operated with Neck Ministries before the opening of the Lifestyle Christianity church in 2014. Todd White’s inspirational teachings have listed him in the category of top YouTuber’s net worth. ![]() Todd White has always been a pastor known for simplicity, and he shares the word of God. Todd White biography suggests today he is happy to have got back to his normal life. Right after his eyes have opened to the truth, he has been a better person. Todd White has always believed in redemption and righteousness based on the foundational keys for living life in the form of the new creation in Jesus Christ. Today the Atheist for 23 years has brought a radical change in his life. Early life and careerīorn in Canada on May 24, 1975, Todd white is a Senior Pastor. Todd White and his wife have been a happily married couple who have faith in God. The Todd White relationship status has been clear. Todd White girlfriend revelations mention that Todd White is married to Sarah White. ![]() But later on, he changed his life and developed a faith in God. until 22, Todd was a drug addict and atheist. It does not store any personal data.Todd White was born on in Canada but has not revealed anything about his education. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. He is a public speaker, an American author, a musician, and a televangelist whose main aim is to help people and change their lives through the power of God’s Word. Kenneth Max Copeland is the most popular pastor in the world, and the first in the list of the most powerful pastors in the world. Thomas Miller, executive pastor and elder at Gateway Church, has known Morris since 2000 when the congregation had about 100 people. Who is the senior pastor of Gateway Church? ![]() Road Signs: Practical teachings that illuminate Scripture and inspire spiritual growth. Features of this Bible include: Fresh Start Journey: 52 important questions about the foundations of faith. With over 500 discipleship articles and studies, Fresh Start Bible will help you find God’s direction for every day. Pastor Robert Morris Ministries Pastor Robert is the founding lead senior pastor of Gateway Church and a contributor to the Fresh Start Bible. Gateway Church is a non-denominational, charismatic Christian multi-site megachurch based in Southlake, Texas, near Fort Worth….Gateway Church (Texas) Gateway Church Which church does Robert Morris preach at? Since it began in 2000, the church has grown to more than 100,000 active attendees. Robert Morris is the senior pastor of Gateway Church, a multicampus church based in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Pastor Robert Morris/Date of birth What is Pastor Robert Morris doing now? ![]() ![]() ![]() broken strategy: join the Axis - unfortunately then Germany will give your land in Eastern Poland to Soviets by event, and you have no say in it.Even if Japan joins the Axis, just move your troops to Eastern border after Axis in Europe is gone. If the war takes forever, Soviets will eventually demand Eastern Poland, but if you're reasonably fast Germany will be defeated in 1938 or 1939, and hopefully that will leave some minors like Hungary and Italy to end WW2, so you get peace conference without involving Japan. It's actually not that strong early on, and you can get East Prussia and straighten the frontline quite easily. fun strategy: get Baltic minors for free factories, then attack Germany asap, like before Anschluss etc.After they do, you're totally safe from Soviets (even after they get claims), so you can fight Germany over Danzig alternative legitimate strategy: join Comintern - you need to do this before Soviet Union gets claims on Eastern Poland, or they won't let you in.After Soviets are destroyed, you can turn back, crush Germany, and get Danzig back. You just need to defeat the Soviets, which is easier than it sounds - fabricate on Mongolia (to avoid telling AI you're attacking them), and run them over, especially if they have Great Purge. easiest legitimate strategy: just give Germans Danzig when they give you ultimatum - then they leave you alone.That's still somewhat glitchy, but since it doesn't actually break WW2, it feels somewhat more legitimate. cheesy strategy 2: without historical AI, if you take Czechoslovakia Germany will eventually randomly pick other focuses, which usually means it will start WW2 over Yugoslavia, and leave you alone.It also forces you to play historical, which makes AI dumb in so many other ways and makes game way too easy. This is a dumb exploit and it breaks the game, so I'd not recommend doing this, but to each its own. cheesy strategy 1: if you play on historical and conquer Czechoslovakia early, it will completely fuck German AI as it will try to take Sudetenland focus, which will then cancel, and so on every day. ![]() Over 400 tips for new and older players.How to shoot time-lapse videos in Paradox Games.A full list of guides can be found here.Result: Paradox is Swedish" Websites and Wikis Please use proper spoiler formatting if you are going to discuss spoiler content in non-spoiler threads: >!Paradox is Swedish!< Please mark a thread for spoilers if there's spoilers in the main post or if there's going to be open discussion of spoilers in the comments To avoid spoiling narrative surprises for others, please adhere to the following guidelines: If you want stricter quality control, go to /r/ParadoxPlaza For information on topics that are temporarily banned, please view our rules page.Ĭontent that breaks the spirit of these rules may be removed at moderator discretion. We may occasionally ban specific topics that have flooded the subreddit. Users may only make one self-promotional submission per week. Explanations should be posted as a reddit comment - referencing the title is not enough.Īll giveaways, surveys, and petitions must be approved by the moderators first. General discussion of piracy or leaked content is allowed.Īdhere to the Reddit content policy and the reddiquette.Įxplain what you want people to look at when you post an image. No links to pirated materials, pirated game mods, or key resellers. No memes, image macros, reaction pictures, or similar. Just the title of the post being relevant does not qualify. Hover your mouse over any of the boxes below to view relevant information.It is a general subreddit for the Grand Strategy Game from Paradox Interactive. This is a sub-reddit for Hearts of Iron 4. HoI4 Wiki /r/Paradoxplaza Patch Notes Dev Diaries Paradox Forums Teamspeak Discord Welcome to /r/HoI4 ![]() ![]() – As of 2 p.m., all evacuation and shelter in place orders have been cancelled in Santa Barbara County. – The IRS has announced it will extend the tax deadline until May 15 for qualified California storm victims.ģ:48 p.m. Location and transportation information can be found online at or by calling the L.A. Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority has a Winter Shelter Program for those in need of shelter. Lancaster (Antelope Valley) – Wednesday, Jan.The National Weather Service forecasts low temperatures in the coming days, with wind chill temps expected below 32 degrees Fahrenheit in areas that include: ![]() – The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health has issued a cold weather alert for parts of the region. – Several road closures, according to the City of Oxnard, remain in effect, as officials work to assess the impacts of the storm, including in the following areas:Ĥ:27 p.m. ![]() Heavy rains over Monday and Tuesday left cars submerged under several feet of water in the 3700 block of Fredonia Drive (KTLA).ħ:32 p.m. – Officials with the Los Angeles Department of Public Works reports that crews have been actively engaged in “preventative and responsive work” during the recent storms.Ĭurrently, public works says the largest emergency locations are the Iverson Road Sinkhole in Chatsworth and the Fredonia Drive mudslide in Studio City. Officials closed a portion of Highway 126 after several vehicles, including a semi, became stuck in a mud flow across all lanes on Jan. The closure also left dozens of other commuters trapped in their vehicles as they were unable to pass. – Highway 126 has been fully reopened after a two-mile portion, between Fillmore city limits and Fairview Canyon, was closed Monday night as a result of a mudslide across all lanes, CHP announced.Ĭaltrans crews worked to rescue several motorists whose vehicles were stuck in the mud, including a semi-truck. Follow KTLA’s live team coverage.ĩ:17 p.m. ![]() Meanwhile, police continue to warn drivers about numerous road closures due to flooding and urge drivers to never attempt to drive through high water.A powerful Pacific storm drenched Southern California with historic rainfall, causing widespread damage in Los Angeles and Ventura counties, and further north along the Central Coast. Her death is the first flood-related fatality confirmed in the North Texas area.ĭallas County Judge Clay Jenkins said on Twitter that based on preliminary damage assessments, he was declaring a state of disaster in Dallas County and requesting state and federal assistance. In Mesquite, one woman died after she was trapped inside her vehicle when it was swept by floodwaters off the road and underneath a bridge, firefighters said. Dallas Fire-Rescue said Monday evening that they have responded to 225 calls for help in high water since 6 p.m. Dallas police tweeted a list of dozens of locations where there were high water calls. NBC 5 FORECAST: Weekend Sweltering Heat NEARLY 15 INCHES OF RAIN FALLS IN DALLAS COUNTYįirefighters across Dallas County were hard at work blocking off impassable roads covered with high water and pulling stranded drivers to safety after nearly 15 inches of rain poured down through Monday morning.Īt about 9 a.m. ![]() ![]() ![]() In short, this rsync error happens due to missing symlinks or lack of a recursive mode option while transferring data between servers What is dry-run in rsync? The update or -u option is used by rsync to skip files that are still new in the destination directory. Does rsync update modified files?īy default, rsync will only copy new or changed files from a source to a destination. So any files that do not exist on the destination will be copied over. This can generally be used when we are performing backups using the link-dest option, while continuing a backup run that got interrupted. Rsync with –ignore-existing-files: We can also skip the already existing files on the destination. Will rsync delete files in destination?.Does rsync overwrite destination files?.What are some of the benefits of using rsync?. ![]() Why is rsync not a good backup solution?.Does rsync automatically skip existing files?.What happens if files change during rsync?.What are some disadvantages of using rsync?.(expains how rdiff-backup works comparing it to rsync) No nice ones for rdiff-backup though.Īnd there's storebackup too, but i don't know that much about it.Īnyway, i just think the most important information for me, regarding backup tools, is what happens to the data, what file structure, how can i browse it and retrieve files / restore backups.Ī few interesting links in my huge bookmarks list. Tools such as Back In Time or Flyback, modeled after Apple's Time Machine (like Ubuntu's TimeVault - unrelated to rsync i think). This saves data, at the cost of a little more complexity, since you can't browse the old snapshots easily with a file browser, only with special tools or rdiff-backup itself. Rdiff-backup creates a mirror for the latest backup, but previous snapshots are kept as "deltas" (the reverse of what you'd expect from a differential backup), which contain information for rdiff-backup to rebuild the old file. This may or may not be a big deal depending on usage. However if a file is changed, the new version is backed up, keeping the old one on the previous snapshots, saving no space. It's easy to retrieve files from whatever snapshot, using a file browser. It saves space by creating hardlinks, so that the same file across snapshots isn't duplicated. I usually look for what the program does to the backups though, like what directory structure, what does it do with old deleted files, changed files, same files.įor instance, rsync can create directories with the date of the backup as its name, and it's structure is the same as what you're backing up (mirror). Grsync is in Ubuntu's Synaptic - make sure you installĪll this can of course be found by a bit of googling, but I thought When ready run a simulation backup and if all's OK run the actualīackup. The 'Basic Options' tab is the important one. The other options are sort of self-explanatory, although I mustĪdmit never having bothered with the 'Extra Options' tab. exclude-from=".grsync/exclude" in order for the exclude fileĬreated earlier to be referenced by Grsync. In the 'Additional Options' field under the (Select 'Show Hidden Files' from the menu to see it), and type in the I made a folder named Grsync backups.įor directories that one wants to exclude from backup, you can You can backup to another hard drive, a partition or It's a front-end for the command line tool rsync and makesīacking up very easy and convenient for recent linux converts ![]() ![]() ![]() Seven years ago the program started WiSE, better known as Women in Science and Engineering, with the intent to generate interest for girls in STEM by providing them networking opportunities, career advancement education, and inspiration. One of the focuses for the STEM outreach office is to increase opportunities for young women. These are well paid, respected positions with excellent benefits that provide for work-life balance.” “STEM careers provide hundreds of opportunities in thousands of industries. “I like to call STEM careers the golden ticket,” she said. The STEM program works to provide that why,” said Sturgeon. “Students need a ‘why’ when choosing to study what are considered harder classes such as calculus and physics. Hill’s STEM outreach extends to all grade levels and includes such programs as STARBASE that educates 1,600 of the area’s 5 th grade students each year and the premier Air Force STEM program called LEGACY, an apprenticeship-type program for students age 11 through college graduation. She also coordinates with government and educational entities in Utah to ensure Hill’s STEM opportunities and needs are front and center as Utah’s largest employer. The program also educates teachers, school counselors and parents about the numerous STEM paths that are available.Īlison Sturgeon, Hill AFB STEM program manager, oversees funding and execution of over 30 local programs. Participating in nearly 150 events annually, the outreach program encourages students to picture their future selves in a STEM-related career field. He’s hoping he can use his knowledge and experience to take Hill’s STEM Outreach Program to the next level.With Hill Air Force Base needing to hire hundreds of science, technology, engineering and math professionals each year, the STEM outreach office here is inspiring the next generation of STEM professionals by encouraging STEM learning through its education and mentoring programs. Before taking on the position of STEM manager, Erickson worked for eight years in the 309th Software Engineering Group. I’d like to say, ‘Here are some of the problems we’ve solved at Hill Air Force Base using STEM.’”Įrickson graduated from the University of Utah with an electrical engineering degree in 2007. “I’d like to demonstrate to students how we are using STEM on base. “I want it to be meaningful,” Erickson said. He said he will continue to make improvements to his exhibits to ensure they are integrated to the actual workload at Hill. I want these students who are interested in pursuing a STEM degree to consider Hill as a place to work.”įor the STEM Expo, he exhibited an A-10 cockpit borrowed from the Hill Aerospace Museum, as well as a “recruiting robot,” virtual reality, and 3D printing. “I want these young students to know about what happens at Hill and the interesting jobs we have here. “My primary goal is to get kids excited about STEM,” he said. Hill’s STEM outreach extends to all grade levels and includes such programs as STARBASE, which educates 1,600 of the area’s 5th grade students each year, and the premier Air Force STEM program called LEGACY, an apprenticeship-type program for students age 11 through college graduation.Įrickson said Hill Air Force Base hires hundreds of science, technology, engineering and math professionals each year, making it vital to create a recruitment pool by inspiring the next generation of STEM professionals through its education and mentoring programs. He coordinates with government and educational entities in Utah to ensure Hill’s STEM opportunities and needs are front and center as Utah’s largest single-site employer. “Technology is going to be more and more ingrained in everyday life and there will be an abundance of STEM opportunities in the coming years.”Įrickson, who became the new program manager in August, oversees funding and execution of about 30 local programs. “STEM is important because that’s the future,” he said. Mark Erickson, the new STEM Outreach Program manager, said it’s important for the STEM program to participate in local events to help raise awareness of potential careers at Hill. ![]() The community event was an opportunity for students to engage with more than 60 STEM-driven businesses and higher-education institutions so they will have important information and background to make informed career path decisions. ![]() Hill’s STEM Outreach Program notched another successful event as about 1,000 high school students attended its booth at the Nov. ![]() ![]() ![]() The same logic applies whether watching 3D movies in a cinema or on 3D television. One image is slightly distant and the other is considerably closer. The brain processes two pictures to assess the depth of the image when a two-digit image catches the eye. This gives the impression that the movie is busier.īecause our eyes are separated from one another and observe objects in slightly different positions, our brains can produce 3D representations. Yes, 3D technology gives the world a comparable virtual flame to how we used to perceive it with our empty eyes, feeling the distance and depth of each thing. Rather than merely looking at the image, one can experience the depth and distance of the things in the picture. Let’s speak about the amazing technology of 3D now. However, many claims that 3D movies are 2D when seen without glasses. If an explosion is depicted in a 2D film, there will merely be an explosion there will be no actual filing in this instance. A 2D picture has two dimensions (width x height), therefore it may be created from anything, such as a TV, projector, theatre, video screen, etc. Here, the image may be viewed in its entirety on a screen or flat screen. Since the invention of television or the beginning of the movie theatre, we have been seeing 2D films. The second is standard cinema technology. Additionally, the phrases 4D, 5D, and 6D are heard, thus the numbers are not just restricted to 3. The 3D “The Dynamo” technology has been developed by both the theatre and the home entertainment sectors. The way that technology has altered entertainment has undergone several adjustments. How much we enjoy entertainment is not a question we need to answer. ![]() ![]() ![]() The song was very catchy and got viral on TikTok. They added the hashtag #GuacDance in the video caption. The video showed someone dancing to the song. On National Avocado Day, Chipotle posted a video referencing the popular Guacamole song by Dr. One brand that has effectively used TikTok sounds is Chipotle. Brands and businesses are also taking advantage of sounds. Musicians are not the only ones creating viral sounds on TikTok. His song titled “Old Town Road” got viral on the platform and has now gone on to be the most certified song in music history. Some artists have also gotten famous after their music went viral on TikTok. At the time of writing, the sound has been used in 6.3 million videos. This is because the sound has gone viral.Īn example of a sound that exploded on TikTok was Savage Love by Jason Derulo and Jawsh 685. When scrolling through the For You page, you might notice that a particular sound is used by several creators. These sounds can either be from the TikTok Sound Library or an Original Audio from the creator of the video. What are TikTok Sounds?Įvery video on TikTok is accompanied by a sound. In this article, you will learn how to use TikTok sounds. Using TikTok sounds is an effective way to grow your brand on TikTok. ![]() A single viral video can translate into thousands of followers. They can also be used strategically to grow a TikTok account.Īdding a trending TikTok sound to your videos increases the chances of it going viral and appearing on the For You page. Sounds add spice and creativity to videos. From popular songs, lip-syncing, dance challenges to viral sound effects, sounds are a key part of TikTok videos. ![]() ![]() ![]() These marks are called iota subscripts and technically form diphthongs with the vowel that they occur underneath. Occasionally, you will see a small mark underneath α, η, or ω (ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ). For example, the initial sound of ὑπέρ is “hoo.” ![]() ![]() If the open section of the comma faces right, the mark is called a rough breathing mark, and it adds an “h” sound before the vowel or diphthong.For example, the initial sound of ἄνθρωπος is “ah.” If the open section of the comma faces left, the mark is called a smooth breathing mark, and it doesn’t affect the pronunciation of the vowel.Sometimes, this breathing mark will be combined with another accent mark, on which see below. If a Greek word begins with a single vowel or a diphthong, there will be a breathing mark that looks like a comma above the single vowel or the second letter of the diphthong. (“1st and 2nd declension nominative plural” will likely not make any sense to you right now – don’t worry, you’ll learn more about it soon!) Breathing marks ηυ = ay-ooh (no direct equivalence in English)ĭiphthongs are considered long in pronunciation, but there are two specific diphthongs that will count as short for the purpose of accentuation (on which see below): the final -οι or -αι of the 1st and 2nd declension nominative plural.ευ = eh-ooh (no direct equivalence in English).These are the possible diphthongs in Greek: Vowels may also be combined into diphthongs, a single vowel sound composed of multiple vowels. Often, if such a vowel’s length matters, you will see a macron (-) over the vowel in question to mark it as long. The vowels that can be either short or long are α, ι, and υ.The vowels that are always long are η (a long ε) and ω (a long ο).The vowels that are always short are ε (a short η) and ο (a short ω).This length essentially determines how long it takes to pronounce the vowel and what the vowel sounds like. The vowels in Greek can be classified as long, short, or either. Each is pronounced as two successive consonant sounds: ζ = z + d or d + z (your choice, though I will usually default to z + d) ξ = k + s and ψ = p + s. There are three double consonants: ζ, ξ, and ψ. “Aspirated” comes from the Latin verb aspiro, “to breathe”, so the aspirated letters add a forceful breath (basically a “h” exhalation) to the pronunciation of the core consonant sound: θ = t + h φ = p + h χ = k + h. There are three aspirated letters: θ, φ, and χ. It will be useful to keep these groups in mind, especially when we begin talking about sound combinations in later modules. μ (m) and ν (n) resonate with air coming through the nose.λ (l) and ρ (rh), unlike the plosives, do not restrict or close the vocal pathway.δ (d) is pronounced with the tongue against the back of the front teeth, and so are θ (th) and τ (t).β (b) is pronounced on the lips, and so are π (p) and φ (ph).For example, γ (g) is pronounced in the back of the throat, and so are κ (k) and χ (kh).Note that there are groups of consonants that are related by virtue of where they’re pronounced in the mouth and the shape of the mouth as you pronounce them. So, for example, φάλαγγος is “phalangos.” Consonant groups If you see two gammas in a row (γγ), the pronunciation is “ng”. The video should begin at 3:19, where the demonstrations of writing each letter begin, but you can optionally watch the first part of the video for some context on the Greek alphabet. (short) uh as in “ under” or (long) ooh as in “tr uth”Īnd here is a video from Carleton College Classics that shows how to draw each of these characters. ![]() (short) ih as in “h im” or (long) ee as in “st eel” This site uses Just the Docs, a documentation theme for Jekyll.Īspirated t as in “ table” (unlike the t in “a t” or “ho t”) |